Sheep's heart dissection

Aim: I want to investigate the structure of a sheep's heart.

Equipment: The sheep's heart, dissecting tray, scalpel, dissecting scissors, latex gloves.

Safety: Wear safety glasses and gloves.
Try not to cut yourself with the scalpel/scissors.


Method:

Looking at the external structure of the heart:

1. Rinse off the remaining preservative with tap water then place the heart on the dissecting tray.

2. locate the thin membrane called the pericardium that covers the heart, then remove the tissue and put it to the side.

3. Underneath the pericardium is the myocardium. The myocardium is the type of muscle that the heart is made out of.












4. Locate the bottom of the heart/apex and observe how the left ventricle is the only chamber that extends all the way to the apex.

5. Rotate the heart so the ventral side of the heart is facing the roof. The ventral side is recognized by a groove that extends from the right side of the broad end of the heart diagonally to a point above and
to your left of the apex.

6. Now the heart is in a position where the heart is in a body facing you.

7. Locate the left and right ventricle. And locate the left and right atrium.

8. leaving the heart in the same position, locate the Aorta, Coronary artery, Pulmonary artery, Pulmonary veins, Aortic arch, and the Inferior and Superior Vena Cava.

Looking at the internal structure of the heart:



1. Use scissors to cut through the side of the pulmonary artery and continue cutting down into the wall of the right ventricle. Be careful to just cut deep enough to go through the wall of the heart chamber.

2. Use your fingers to open up the cut and examine the internal structure of the heart. If there is any dried blood in the heart, rinse it out with tap water.

3. Locate where the superior and inferior Vena Cava enter the right Atrium.

4. Locate the different valves between the Atriums and the Ventricles.

5. Feel the difference in the thickness of each chamber.

6. Once you're done with the examining, cut out whatever sections of the heart you want.

7. Examine that stuff as well. Once you're done with the experiment, put everything on the tray.

9. Take photo.

Result: 













Discussion

Blood traveling through the heart:
Deoxygenated blood from around the body enters the heart via Superior and Inferior Vena Cava. these blood vessels connect to the Right Atrium. From the Right Atrium, blood flows into the Right Ventricle then gets pumped through the Pulmonary arteries and into the lungs. Once the blood is in the lungs, the blood gets oxygenated and travels back to the heart through the Pulmonary veins. When the oxygenated blood arrives back at the heart, it enters the Left Atrium and then the blood empties out into the Left Ventricle and then gets pumped around the body through the Aorta.

Breathing:
Breathing consists of two steps. inhalation and exhalation. When we inhale, the muscle between the ribs called the intercostal muscles, lift the ribcage up and out, expanding the chest. at the same time, a sheet of muscle under the lungs called the diaphragm flattens. This makes the space inside the ribcage bigger and reduces air pressure in the lungs. Air moves into the lungs because the air pressure outside is higher. The inhaled air first enters the lungs through the windpipe called the trachea. Then the trachea divides into two bronchi, with one bronchus going to each lung. Each bronchus divides further in the lungs into smaller tubes called bronchioles. At the end of each bronchiole, there is a group of tiny air sacs. These air sacs have bulges called alveoli to increase their surface area and speed up the absorption of oxygen. When we exhale, the intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax. this lowers the chest and raises the diaphragm back up. This reduces the space in the ribcage gets smaller so the air pressure increases. this forces air out of the lungs. Also when we exhale, carbon dioxide leaves the body.

Aerobic Cellular Respiration:
Cellular Respiration comes in three stages. The glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and Electron transport. During the glycolysis stage, Glucose (C6 H12 O6) enters the mitochondria a catabolic reaction takes place. This breaks down the glucose molecules into 6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, and 6 Oxygen. Also, a small amount of ATP is released. Then in the Krebs cycle, oxygen (O2) is added. As a result, the 6 carbon molecules chemically react with the added oxygen producing carbon dioxide (CO2). Also During this stage, more energy is released. Then during the final stage. The 12 hydrogen molecules react with oxygen to produce water (H2O) and even more, energy is released.

Zootopia essay

Describe an important idea in the text.
Explain how the director used audio and visual
language features to help you understand this idea.

Do stereotypes actually have any significance? In the film “Zootopia” directed by Byron Howard
and Rich Moore, we see many valuable ideas presented to us. An idea that stood out, was how
stereotypes can be broken. This is shown whenever a character breaks the stereotype that comes
with being that specific animal in scenes such as when Judy and Nick became the first of their
species to become a cop, and when Flash, who is a sloth, gets a speeding ticket.

The first scene where a stereotype is broken was when Judy, a fragile little bunny, goes through
the training required to become a cop. In this scene, Judy is made to complete an intense training
course, specifically made to challenge even the biggest and strongest animals. This already shows
us that small animals like Judy, stand no chance against this course. To make it worse, before the
animals even began the track. The director used multiple establishing shots of the training course.
Making it seem even more impossible for Judy. Despite all that, Judy defied all odds and graduated
first in her class and became the very first cop that is a bunny. By doing this, Judy broke a
stereotype by becoming something other than a carrot farmer. And, having to be big and strong to
become a cop.

Another scene where we see a stereotype being broken is when Nick, despite being a fox,
becomes a cop. When Nick is first shown in the film, he was a stereotypical fox. Crafty, sly and
most importantly, untrustworthy. But as the film went on, Nick, with the help of Judy, slowly began
to break that stereotype. And during Judy’s speech at the end of the film, the director used
a full shot to show Nick get his badge and to show all the hats getting thrown up in the air to
celebrate. To make Nick and Judy an even better duo. Nick became the very first of his species
to become a cop, Just as Judy became the first of hers.

Another way a stereotype was broken was when the speeding culprit at the end of the film
happened to be flash. Before, when Judy was in a hurry to find a DMV for the missing otter case.
Nick took her to a DMV full of sloths. Once Judy realizes this, she says “wait, they're all sloths!”.
Right after she says that. Nick replies “are you saying because he’s a sloth, he can’t be fast”.
Having nowhere else to go, Judy used the sloth DMV. The visit ended up taking the entire day.
This shows that the sloths working in that DMV follow the stereotype. However, this all changes
when Flash, one of the sloths, ends up causing problems by going too fast and breaks the stereotype.

In Zootopia we see that although stereotypes do have some significance, they are easily broken
as long they are willing to change. This was shown on three different occasions. When Judy became
a cop, When Nick became a cop, and when Flash got a speeding ticket. In these ways, the idea of
stereotypes being broken was supported.